THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE

The Theory of Light for Photography

Some philosophers contend that to the existence of light alone we owe the beautiful effects produced by the Photogenic art, while others give sufficient reasons for doubting the correctness of the assumption. That the results are effected by a principle associated with light and not by the luminous principle itself, is the most probable conclusion. The importance of a knowledge of this fact becomes most essential in practice, as will presently be seen. To this principle Mr. Hunt gives the name of ENERGIA.

The Nature of Light 

The Nature of Light is not wholly known, but it is generally believed to be matter, as in its motions it obeys the laws regulating matter. So closely is it connected with heat and electricity that there can be little doubt of their all being but different modifications of the same substance. I will not, however, enter into a statement of the various theories of Philosophers on this head, but content myself with that of Sir Isaac Newton; who supposed rays of light to consist of minute particles of matter, which are constantly emanating from luminous bodies and cause vision, as odoriferous particles, proceeding from certain bodies, cause smelling.

The effects of light upon other bodies, and how light is effected by them, involve some of the most important principles, which if properly understood by Daguerreotypists would enable them to improve and correct many of the practical operations in their art. These effects we shall exhibit in this and the following chapters. Before we enter on this subject it will be necessary to become familiar with the

Definitions of some of the terms used in the science of optics.

Luminous bodies are of two kinds; those which shine by their own light, and those which shine by reflected light.

Transparent bodies are such as permit rays of light to pass through them.

Translucent bodies permit light to pass faintly, but without representing the figure of objects seen through them.

Opaque bodies permit no light to pass through them, but reflect light.

A ray is a line of light.

A beam is a collection of parallel rays.

A pencil is a collection of converging, or diverging rays.

A medium is any space through which light passes.

Incident rays are those which fall upon the surface of a body.

Reflected rays are those which are thrown off from a body.

Parallel rays are such as proceed equally distant from each other through their whole course.

Converging rays are such as approach and tend to unite at any one point, 

Diverging rays are those which continue to recede from each other, 

A Focus is that point at which converging rays meet.

MOTION OF LIGHT

Rays of light are thrown off from luminous bodies in every direction, but always in straight lines, which cross each other at every point; but the particles of which each ray consists are so minute that the rays do not appear to be impeded by each other. A ray of light passing through an aperture into a dark room, proceeds in a straight line; a fact of which any one may be convinced by going into a darkened room and admitting light only through a small aperture.

Singapore Budget Tour and Popular Tourist Spots

How do you Visit Singapore and Where do visit Singapore?

Singapore is one of top most tourist country in Asia. Singapore is an island city-state off southern Malaysia, is a global financial center with a tropical climate and multicultural population. Its colonial core centers on the Padang, a cricket field since the 1830s and now flanked by grand buildings such as City Hall, with its 18 Corinthian columns. In Singapore's circa-1820 Chinatown stands the red-and-gold Buddha Tooth Relic Temple, said to house one of Buddha's teeth.

What Needs If  You Want to Visit Singapore?

First of all you need entry pass, please be informed this article mainly focused on budget tour in Singapore. Depending your country you may need prior visa or on arival visa. If your travel document is issued by one of the countries or regions below, you will need a visa to enter Singapore. Click to find  individual countries or regions below to find out more.

SINGAPORE VISA REQUIREMENTS

Singapore Visa Requirement for Bangladeshi Passport

The Consulate of the Republic of Singapore in Dhaka processes visa applications for Bangladeshi Nationals and other foreigners who require a social visa to enter Singapore.

Documents Required for Visa Application

• Valid passport with at least six months validity from the date of arrival in Singapore. 
• 1 set of application form, duly completed (Form 14A)
• Letter of Introduction (LOI) to be issued by a local contact in Singapore:
• For Social Visitors, any Singapore Citizen or Singapore Permanent Resident, who is at least 21 years old, can act as a local contact.
• For Business Visitors, a Singapore registered company / organisation can act as a local contact. The LOI must be signed by a Singapore Citizen or Singapore Permanent Resident, who is at least 21 years old, only.
• A recent passport-sized photograph with the following specifications:
• The photograph must be taken within the past 3 months
• Photograph should be in colour, must be taken against a white backgroundwith a Matt or semi-Matt finish
• Image must show the full face and without headgear (headgear worn in accordance with religious or racial customs is acceptable but must not hide the facial features)
• The facial image must be between 25 mm and 35 mm from chin to crown.
• Photocopy of the bio-data page of the applicant's passport.

For details on visa requirements, please visit www.ica.gov.sg

Visa feee

Bangladesh Taka equivalent SGD$30/- per Applicant excluding Agent’s Fee.

where to stay in singapore on a budget

Now it is easy to use some apps like Agoda, tripadvisor, booking.com etc. to find your hotel depending on your budget. 

In a budget tour you may stay in Little India or China Town area where many more budget hotels, also some hostel operated there that offer very cheap sits.  More details You can find your location and hotel to booking.

Use

tripadvisor for Singapore Hotels and Places to Stay

agoda for HOTELS, RESORTS, HOSTELS & MORE

booking.com Find deals on hotels, homes and much more

What to Visit in Singapore?

There are many more tourist spots in Singapore that you may visit. Depending your visit duration, you may plan your tourist route and spots. Some of popular tourist spots in Sinapore is as below:

Singapore Marina Bay Sands (Skypark)

Singapore Marina Bay that offers a luxury 2,561-room hotel, an art convention and exhibition center, the Shoppes Mall, an Art & Science museum, two Sands Theatres, seven “celebrity chef” restaurants, two floating pavilions and a casino with 500 tables.

The Marina Bay Sands Infinity Pool rests on the 56th floor of Marina Bay Sands. This incredible infinity edged pool is the longest elevated swimming pool in the world with 150 metres (478 ft.) wide, which stands 191 meters from the ground. But do not get too excited, the pool is for exclusive use of the luxury hotel guests.

Merlion Statue – Merlion Park, Singapore

Marina Bay and Meriloion Park- Singapore. This park is home to an 8.6 meter-tall and 40 ton-weight, water-spouting Merlion. The Singapore’s tourism icon is a mythical creature with the head of a lion and the body of a fish. Its name combines “mer” meaning the sea and “lion”. The “Singa” or lion head represents Singapore’s original name — Singapura — meaning “lion city”, and the fish is a tribute to Singapore’s history as “Temasek”, the ancient fishing village.

Gardens by the Bay Singapore

Gardens by the Bay is a surreal green oasis in the heart of Singapore. It brings plants to life in a way you’ve never seen before. There you are surrounded by nature whilst feeling like you have stepped into the Avatar movie. This huge, colourful, futuristic park is famous for its high-tech Supertree Grove – a collection of magical giant trees – as well as Cloud Forest and Flower Dome – the world’s largest climate-controlled greenhouses.

Singapore National Museum

The Singapore History Museum reopened as the National Museum of Singapore: the largest museum on the island. There are two main galleries: the Singapore History Gallery, which traces the history of Singapore from its beginnings in the fourteenth century to the present day, and the Singapore Living Galleries, which focus on four lifestyle themes – food, fashion, film and photography. It’s worth a visit just for the building, an imposing neoclassical structure, complemented by modern glass additions.

SEA Aquarium at Resorts World Sentosa

Sing ‘unda tha sea’ as you ogle at over 800 species of marine wildlife in the world's largest aquarium, which also has the title of the largest collection of manta rays in captivity. Amongst the other underwater beasties tenured here are nurse sharks, hammerhead sharks, eels, clownfish, giant octopuses, bottlenose dolphins and seahorses. 

Singapore Cable Car in Sentosa Park

Singapore Cable Car from Faber Peak Singapore down to Sentosa Station. This unique mode of transportation can also be transformed into a private dining space where you're served a four-course meal with dishes like wagyu beef cheek and smoked duck breast during the 90-minute ride.

Vivo City Singapore

Vivo City is also a gateway to Sentosa Island. Visitors can get on the Sentosa Express monorail train that runs across the bridge to Sentosa in under 10 minutes. Vivo City is claimed to be the largest shopping mall in Singapore. It is located at the former World Trade Centre site, now known as HarbourFront. The shopping center is a shoppers' paradise with hundreds of shops, restaurants, and entertainment centres.

Nikon D3400 DSLR Camera Specification

Nikon D3400 DSLR Camera Feature

A sleek and now connected DSLR for all, the black Nikon D3400 is designed to produce better image quality than your smartphone, yet work seamlessly with your mobile devices for sharing your memories. Utilizing a DX-format 24.2MP CMOS sensor and EXPEED 4 image processor, this camera provides a native sensitivity range from ISO 100-25600 to suit working in a variety of lighting conditions, and the sensor and processor combination also provides a 5 fps continuous shooting rate as well as Full HD 1080p video recording at 60 fps. The sensor's design also omits an optical low-pass filter in order to achieve greater sharpness and resolution from both photos and videos.

Quick Specification for D3400 Nikon Camera

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Quick specs

Body type	Compact SLR
Max resolution	6000 x 4000
Effective pixels	24 megapixels
Sensor size	APS-C (23.5 x 15.6 mm)
Sensor type	CMOS
ISO	Auto, 100-25600
Lens mount	Nikon F
Focal length mult.	1.5×
Articulated LCD	Fixed
Screen size	3″
Screen dots	921,000
Max shutter speed	1/4000 sec
Format	MPEG-4, H.264
Storage types	SD/SDHC/SDXC
USB	USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/sec)
Weight (inc. batteries)	445 g (0.98 lb / 15.70 oz)
Dimensions	124 x 98 x 76 mm (4.88 x 3.86 x 2.99″)
GPS	None

Beyond image creation, the D3400 also features SnapBridge, which utilizes Bluetooth connectivity, for wireless sharing of images to your mobile device, including automatic sharing of 2MP images between the camera and your mobile device. The lightweight camera body incorporates a 3.0" 921k-dot LCD screen for live view monitoring and image review and, catering to first-time DSLR owners, the D3400 also features a helpful Guide Mode to aid in achieving specific photographic looks or techniques, such as how to produce a shallow depth of field imagery in a helpful, step-by-step manner. Ten different Special Effects are also available in-camera to creatively refine the look of both stills and movies.

24.2MP DX-Format Sensor and EXPEED 4 Processor

The 24.2-megapixel DX-format CMOS sensor and EXPEED 4 processor work together to produce overall high image quality with notable detail, dynamic range, color accuracy, and low-light sensitivity to a native ISO 25600. Additionally, the sensor's design omits an optical low-pass filter in order to acquire the greatest sharpness and detail from subjects. The EXPEED 4 processor also enables a wealth of speed throughout the camera system, including support for Full HD 1080p movie recording and a full-resolution continuous shooting rate of 5 fps.

SnapBridge Bluetooth Connectivity

Supporting a wealth of sharing and tagging possibilities, the D3400 features built-in SnapBridge connectivity to permit seamless transferring of imagery to a mobile device. BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) technology enables communication between the camera and a smart device and allows for automatic 2MP image transfers as you shoot. SnapBridge requires a one-time setup, for up to five unique devices, and also works in conjunction with NIKON IMAGE SPACE for backing up files and sharing imagery.

Multi-CAM 1000 Autofocus Sensor

Benefitting the high image quality is an apt AF system that employs 11 distinct AF points to quickly acquire focus in a range of lighting conditions from -1 to +19 EV.

Full HD Movie Recording

Full HD 1920 x 1080p movie recording is supported in multiple frame rates up to 60 fps, as well as HD 720p, in the MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 format. During recording, full-time autofocus can be employed, with face-detection and subject-tracking capabilities, for ensured sharpness with a wide variety of subject types. Additionally, a built-in monaural microphone can be used to record high-quality sound during movie recording.

D3400 Body Design

The D3400 integrates a large 3.0" 921k-dot LCD monitor, which features a 170° wide-viewing angle to better support viewing capabilities from high and low working angles. Alternatively, a bright pentamirror optical viewfinder is also integrated into the design for precise eye-level viewing and real-time monitoring of subjects.

A built-in pop-up flash is also available for additional illumination when working in low-light conditions and supports Nikon's i-TTL flash metering system. A hot shoe can be used, too, for connection and an optional external flash for even greater lighting control.

AF-P DX NIKKOR 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G VR and AF-P DX NIKKOR 70-300mm f/4.5-6.3G ED Lenses

Included with the camera body is the standard zoom AF-P DX NIKKOR 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G VR lens, which provides a 35mm-equivalent focal length range of 27-82.5mm. Featuring an integrated pulse stepping motor, this lens exhibits exceptionally smooth, fast, and quiet autofocus performance to suit both stills and video recording. The optical design incorporates a pair of aspherical elements and a Super Integrated Coating is also featured to suppress lens flare and ghosting. Additionally, this lens also features Vibration Reduction image stabilization to minimize the appearance of camera shake when shooting handheld.

Also included with the camera is the telephoto zoom AF-P DX NIKKOR 70-300mm f/4.5-6.3G ED lens, which covers a 105-450mm equivalent zoom range. This lens incorporates one extra-low dispersion glass element into its optical design to reduce chromatic aberrations throughout the zoom range in order to provide greater clarity and color fidelity. A Super Integrated Coating is featured on this lens, too, to limit ghosting and flare when working in strong lighting conditions.

Nikon D3400 Camera Detail Specification 

Price
MSRP	Body w/AF-P 18-55mm VR lens ($649), body w/AF-P 18-55mm VR and 70-300 F4.5-6.3 non-VR lenses ($999)
Body type
Body type	Compact SLR
Sensor
Max resolution	6000 x 4000
Other resolutions	4496 x 3000, 2992 x 2000
Image ratio w:h	3:2
Effective pixels	24 megapixels
Sensor photo detectors	25 megapixels
Sensor size	APS-C (23.5 x 15.6 mm)
Sensor type	CMOS
Processor	Expeed 4
Image
ISO	Auto, 100-25600
White balance presets	12
Custom white balance	Yes
Image stabilization	No
Uncompressed format	RAW
JPEG quality levels	Fine, Normal, Basic
Optics & Focus
Autofocus	Contrast Detect (sensor) Phase Detect Multi-area Center Selective single-point Tracking Single Continuous Face Detection Live View
Digital zoom	No
Manual focus	Yes
Number of focus points	11
Lens mount	Nikon F
Focal length multiplier	1.5×
Screen / viewfinder
Articulated LCD	Fixed
Screen size	3″
Screen dots	921,000
Touch screen	No
Screen type	TFT-LCD
Live view	Yes
Viewfinder type	Optical (pentamirror)
Viewfinder coverage	95%
Viewfinder magnification	0.57× (0.38× 35mm equiv.)
Photography features
Minimum shutter speed	30 sec
Maximum shutter speed	1/4000 sec
Aperture priority	Yes
Shutter priority	Yes
Manual exposure mode	Yes
Subject / scene modes	Yes
Built-in flash	Yes (Pop-up)
Flash range	7.00 m (at ISO 100)
External flash	Yes (via hot shoe or wireless)
Flash modes	Auto, Auto slow sync, Auto slow sync with red-eye reduction, Auto with red-eye reduction, Fill-flash, Off, Rear-curtain sync, Rear-curtain with slow sync, Red-eye reduction, Red-eye reduction with slow sync, Slow sync
Continuous drive	5.0 fps
Self-timer	Yes (2, 5, 10, 20 secs (1-9 exposures))
Metering modes	Multi Center-weighted Spot AF-area
Exposure compensation	±5 (at 1/3 EV steps)
WB Bracketing	No
Videography features
Resolutions	1920 x 1080 (60, 50, 30, 25, 24 fps), 1280 x 720 (60, 50 fps), 640 x 424 (30, 25 fps)
Format	MPEG-4, H.264
Microphone	Mono
Speaker	Mono
Storage
Storage types	SD/SDHC/SDXC
Connectivity
USB	USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/sec)
HDMI	Yes (mini-HDMI)
Microphone port	No
Headphone port	No
Wireless	Built-In
Wireless notes	SnapBridge (Bluetooth only)
Remote control	Yes (via smartphone or wireless remote)
Physical
Environmentally sealed	No
Battery	Battery Pack
Battery description	EN-EL14a lithium-ion battery and charger
Battery Life (CIPA)	1200
Weight (inc. batteries)	445 g (0.98 lb / 15.70 oz)
Dimensions	124 x 98 x 76 mm (4.88 x 3.86 x 2.99″)
Other features
Orientation sensor	Yes
Timelapse recording	No
GPS	None

A beginner specifically looking for a DSLR experience who may want to eventually take a little control over shooting settings or someone looking for a lightweight kit with Nikon D3400 DSLR camera.