How to Choose Photo File Format for Digital Photography?

Digital Photo Formats Selection Tips

There are so many RAW file formats in the marketplace that it’s becoming a major problem. Here are just some of the RAW filename extensions that indicate different and incompatible formats. 

• Nikon—NEF 
• Olympus—ORF 
• Fuji—RAF 
• Sony—SRF 
• Canon—CR2 
• Pentax—PEF 
• Generic—DNG

Since many digital cameras offer more than one image format, here are some things that might help you select the best one for your needs. 

JPEG

JPEG is the default format used by almost every digital camera ever made. Named after its developer, the Joint Photographic Experts Group (and pronounced “jay-peg”) this format often lets you specify both image size and compression. 

Why Do You Choose Digital for Capturing Photo Frame?

Why Do Digital Photography?

Most of this book assumes you are already a digital photographer or have decided to become one. If you aren’t fully converted and are wondering why digital photography has almost entirely replaced film in less than a decade, here are some reasons. It would be reasonable to assume that it’s because of image quality since digital images are now equal to, and often better than film images. 

However, the real reason for the switch lies elsewhere, in the fact that once captured, digital photographs are already in a format that makes them incredibly easy to share and use. For example, you can insert digital photographs into documents, print them at a kiosk, send them by email to friends, or post them on a Web site where anyone in the world can see them. With most cameras, you can immediately see your images on a small LCD monitor on the back of the camera, or you can connect the camera to a TV and show them as a slide show. 

Some cameras can even be connected to a telescope or microscope to display dramatically enlarged images on a large-screen TV. This ability to instantly share photos with anyone, anywhere, makes digital photography so attractive.

Here are a few more reasons why the change has been so dramatic:

Kiosks in many stores let you print photos on the spot.

• Going digital saves you money in the long run since you don’t have to buy rolls of film and pay for their development and printing.

• It saves you time because you don’t have to make two trips to the store to drop off and then pick up your pictures (although you can do this with a digital camera’s memory card).

• Digital cameras instantly show you how your pictures look so you’ll no longer have those disappointments a day or two later when your film is developed.

• You can view images before they are printed and if you don’t like what you see, you can edit them to perfection or save money by not printing, or even deleting them.

• Digital photography (at least your part in it) doesn’t use the toxic chemicals that often end up flowing down the drain and into our streams, rivers, and lakes.

• No more waiting to finish a roll of film before having it processed. (Or wasting unexposed cinema when you can’t wait.)

• Many digital cameras are able to capture not only still photographs, but also sound and even video—they are as many multimedia recorders as they are cameras.

• You can use a photo-editing program to improve or alter digital images, sometimes right in the camera. For example, you can crop them, remove red-eye, change colors or contrast, and even add and delete elements. It’s like having a dark room with the lights on and without the chemicals.

• You can post your images on a Web site so others can view and even print them.

• You can have your images printed on the pages of a bound book, like those you see in bookstores.

• You can create slide shows that can be burned to a DVD for playback on a TV complete with background music or narration.

Digital Technological Gadgets Caring Everiday

Fig: Apple Air Pods Pro Wireless Earbuds with Mag Safe Charging Case. Active Noise Cancelling, Transparency Mode, Spatial Audio, Customizable Fit, Sweat and Water Resistant. Bluetooth Headphones for iPhone

Technological digital gadgets take caring tips to keep working for a long time

Technology is now our constant companion. Throughout the day we are in touch with technology in one way or another. Many times the use of everyday technology products is not taken care of regularly. In this age of information technology, products like smartphones, laptop computers, smartwatches, headphones, and digital cameras come with it. As a result of regular use, these products may get dusty or watery and may become dirty. Now it is important to keep these products clean because of the coronavirus. So you have to take care of these products. Otherwise, these things will be ruined very quickly.

Mobile phone

There is no end to the problems when a useful device like a mobile phone breaks down. Nure Alam, sales manager of Bashundhara Shopping Mall, Nikban Telecom, said there was no need to charge mobile phones frequently. Only charge after half charge. Many charges the phone all night. That's not right. Keep the switch open as soon as the charge is full. The phone should never be charged with another set of chargers.

Mobile phone batteries from other manufacturers cannot be used. You should not talk on the phone for a long time if the battery charge is low. When water enters the mobile phone, immediately remove the battery and wipe it with a dry cloth. Should then be taken to the servicing centre. If the mobile phone falls out of hand, open the battery and re-insert it. If not, get help from an expert. When downloading songs or other files from a computer or any other device to the mobile phone, be careful not to be attacked by a virus. Mobiles should not be kept in the sun for a long time.

Many times the phone screen gets blurred due to dust. There is also a problem with dust on the speaker or camera of the mobile phone, so it is important to keep these places clean. Smartphones should never be held in wet hands. It is also not right to give commands with loud pressure.

Laptop take caring

The life and performance of a laptop largely depend on how much you care for the laptop. Shaheen Mollah, business manager of Master Computer, gave some tips on how to keep a laptop good and functional for a long time.

The laptop should always be wiped clean with a light soft cloth so that it does not get dusty or dirty. In this case, it is better not to use any chemical solution.

The brush can be used to clean the keyboard. The screen of the monitor may be broken due to careless push or pressure, hard disk, the motherboard can also be damaged. So special bags should be used to carry the laptop.

● Laptop battery life decreases with time. How fast the lifespan decreases depends on the use. Laptops should be run with the direct electrical connection if possible. However, it is better to fully charge the battery at least once a month.

● Licensed antivirus software should be used when using the Internet. It should be scanned before using a pen drive or any flash drive. After using the laptop, try to fill it in the bag after it cools down completely. If waterfalls on the keyboard carelessly during use, the battery should be removed quickly and given to the service centre. Otherwise big accidents can happen.

Smartwatch Take Caring

Using a smartwatch (watch) with dirty hands can get into the dirty watch in hand. For this, you can clean your hands before using the smartwatch. Many people keep smartwatches in their hands while eating. 

This habit should be refrained from. It is better to keep the smartwatch open while eating. This can lead to small pieces of food or powdered smartwatches. Smartwatches should not be placed on heavy or hot objects. 

Smartwatches do not need to be changed frequently. Only charge when the charge is over. Keep it open as soon as the charge is full.

Headphones and earphones Caring

There is no pair of headphones for listening to music, watching movies or talking. Headphones also need extra care. Otherwise, the hobby thing can be ruined quickly. 

Earphones or headphones are more commonly used with mobiles, iPods, desktops or laptops. Do not tighten headphones with the phone or iPad. This increases the chances of the headphones cutting. As a result, the headphones have to be arranged very carefully. 

If the headphones have been unused for a long time and the headphones are battery-powered, be sure to keep the battery open. When travelling, be sure to pack earphones in a packet or small bag. Use the stand to hold headphones in the office or at home. Dust often accumulates inside the earphones. So the sound is less audible. Earphones can be cleaned with a soft brush. 

However, it should not be cleaned with water or liquid. This can damage the speaker. The biggest thing is that if you keep the earphones and headphones clean regularly, its lifetime will be fine. The sound quality is also good. Earphones wire gets dirty quickly, so wiping the wire carefully with a soft light wet cloth will keep it clean.

5 low budget gadgets take caring tips

low budget great things to take care of your gadgets

If you want to use expensive and preferred technology products for a long time, you have to take care of it. If you want to keep your smartphone, laptop or computer brand new, you will find several useful things at hand. The price of these is also within reach. But whatever you think is most needed. Great benefit. Here are some of these products.

Screen backs:

Home now has several screens. In addition to televisions and computers, there are laptops and smartphones. Buy screen backs to keep these screens clean. Each screen will be very bright with its use.

Screen Cleaning Kit: 

The handprints are everywhere on the machine. Apart from that, there is no shortage of scratches. The screen cleaning kit will get rid of all these.

Air blowers: 

A lot of dust accumulates on the computer's UPS or keyboard. Once you open them, you will become a fool. You can buy an air blower to keep your PC clean. It is available at a very low price. Wear a face mask to clean the dust.

Camera Blower: 

This is a very important thing if you own a DSLR. Performance will deteriorate if the camera sensor gradually accumulates dust. So take care of it by buying a narrow pipe camera blower.

Cyber ​​Clean: 

This substance is made in a patented Swiss formula. One of the great things about cleaning any electronic device. It is a jelly-like substance that reaches all parts of the machine. From the remote control of the house to the inside of the speaker can be cleaned.

Take Care of Gadgets on the Tour

Take caring for gadgets during travel time

If you go out for a few days, you need to take at least a few gadgets. At least you want to take a power bank with a smartphone, camera, headphones.

Favourite gadgets will accompany you on long or short trips. Make your trip easy and fun - at very common psychology. So everyone fills their favourite device in the bag first. But be careful while using these gadgets while travelling.

Special care should be taken in sun or rain. There are a lot of care gadgets in this report.

Keep your smartphone safe

The smartphone will be most useful to you while travelling.

So we have to pay special attention to it. If your phone does not have a waterproof feature, keep a separate eye on it. Because now you can get caught in the hot rain. So keep a waterproof bank with the phone to save. Many times the phone can go out of hand. 

So be careful not to use the phone by the window while travelling. And be careful not to break the display after the push. In this case, you can install a stiff glass projector or back cover before the start of the trip. Be careful when carrying in the pocket.

The camera Caring on the tour

Let's start with the camera. This photography device is the most necessary and constant companion in travel. Everyone wants to capture the sights on camera while travelling. It does not lose the memories of travel. Currently, DSLR cameras are more prevalent for taking pictures. 

However, you don't have to take it with you. You also have to take care of. The main enemy of the camera is water. There is a possibility of getting water in the camera at any time while travelling. So keep the camera away from water contact. Always keep the camera in a cool place without dust. Use a suitable bag to carry a digital camera. For professional use, soft cloths should be wrapped in a bag and kept in a bag for long-distance travel. 

This will get rid of the damage even if the camera is injured for any reason. The lens should always be cleaned with a soft cloth. Using a camera lens will take less time to change from one lens to another. So that dust and sand cannot enter inside. The battery should be kept open after using the camera. 

Dust is the most harmful object for the camera. In SLR cameras the sensor can be cleared with a command from the menu. Do it regularly. Or if necessary, open the lens and wipe with a clean soft cloth.

Power Bank Caring on the tour

The most common problem while travelling is with the smart device in hand. Even if you leave the house with a full charge, the charge of the device runs out in less than half of the day. When the charge of the smartphone is over quickly, you have to suffer. Google Maps is also needed to find a new place. 

In this case, the problem is if the device is not charged. So you must take the power bank with you when you travel. The power bank is usually used more in times of emergency and when travelling. So it should be suitable for rough use. As well as it should be thin and conveniently sized. 

As a result, it can be easily carried everywhere. But even if you buy a good power bank, one thing to keep in mind is that it must be solid. So that the device is not damaged in case of falling or any minor injury. Remember to keep the power bank charged at all times. If there is an on-off option, do not keep the power bank on while the mobile is not charged. You have to take care of it just like a mobile phone. Do not soak in water.

Selfie stick caring on the tour

The era of the selfie frenzy is going on now. It has become a rule to take selfies while chatting with friends. Selfies are especially valued for group photography. Selfie sticks make selfie-taking more attractive. There are different types of selfie sticks available in the market. 

The remote control is available with many selfie sticks, which are charged. So before you travel, if you have control over your selfie stick, you must check whether I am charged or not. A lot of the time the phone can go after taking a quick picture with a selfie stick. So the phone needs to be firmly connected to the stick.

Headphones Caring on the tour

Sitting on the bus or train for a long time on the way can be annoying. However, if the song is heard, the annoyance will be reduced a bit. Loudspeaker music cannot be heard on buses or trains, which can cause inconvenience to others. So the need for a good means headphones. Travel headphones must be taken with you. 

Do not tighten the headphones with the phone or iPad. This increases the chances of the headphones cutting. As a result, the headphones have to be arranged very carefully. 

Headphones should never be packed while inserted into the jack of the phone. This can tear the junction of the headphone wire or the jack. 

If the headphone is unused for a long time and the headphone is battery powered, then you must keep the battery open. Headphones must be packed in a shell when travelling. Use the stand to keep headphones in the office or even at home.

How do Care Your Digital Accessories?

Take care of your digital devices and accessories

Use your devices, batteries, chargers and accessories with care. The following tips will help keep your device active-

Keep the device dry Sedimentation, moisture, and all kinds of liquids or water vapour can contain a variety of minerals that can damage electronic circuits.

Do not use or keep the device in a dusty or unclean place

Do not keep the device at high-temperature High temperatures can damage the device or the battery.

Do not keep the device in cold temperature When the device is heated to normal temperature, moisture can build up inside the device and damage it.

Do not open the device without following user instructions.

Unauthorized changes may damage the device and violate radio device laws.

Do not remove, knock or shake the device or battery It can be broken if misused.

Just clean the surface of the device with a soft, dry clean cloth

Do not paint the device Color can prevent proper activity.

Keep the device away from magnets or magnetic fields.

To keep your important information safe, keep it in at least two different places, such as your device, memory card, or computer, or write down important information.

The device may overheat during prolonged activity. In most cases this is normal. To avoid overheating, the device may slow down automatically, shut down the app, stop charging, and shut down automatically if necessary. If the device does not work properly, take the device to the nearest authorized service centre.

Upgrading firmware to digital cameras or mobile phones

Keep your firmware upgraded to digital cameras or mobile phones

Devices like digital cameras, mobile phones, etc. have software called firmware like computers. Its job is to direct different parts of the device to the hardware level. Using the camera as an example, it gives instructions on how to fix the color, how to do the zpeg conversion, how to do the noise reduction. 

Naturally, it is not expected that everything will be perfect at once. Therefore, if any error is detected or any improvement is made, it is given as updated software. The user can install it himself.

The Nikon D-3100 camera is mentioned here as an example. The same method can be used for other cameras or mobile phones or other devices.

Learn about the current firmware version

- Press the menu button.

- Using the multi selector button, go to the Firmware version text and press OK. The name (number) of the current version will be known.

-Write down the value of the version.

How to update firmware software?

- Download the latest firmware for specific models by visiting the manufacturer's site (for example Nikon, in your case Canon or Nokia).

- You can get it in a zipped position. Unzip it. Format the camera card, then copy the file there. Be sure to copy to the root, the files in the folder can not be used.

-Make sure the camera is fully charged. Insert the card and turn on the camera.

- Go to the firmware menu by pressing the menu button. Select Yes in the update screen and press OK.

- A warning message can be seen. Updates may take a few minutes (2 to 5 minutes). Do nothing on camera this time.

- The message will be gone when the work is done. Turn off the camera and open the card.

- Turn on the camera again. The camera is supposed to work on the new firmware. Check the firmware version in the previous method.

The new firmware is available from the manufacturer's website. Keep an eye on their site updates regularly.

Adobe Lightroom for Photo Editing

Adobe Lightroom photo editing software for photography

Adobe Lightroom is extremely popular with photographers. Recent information suggests that many who used to use Photoshop are moving to the lightroom. From this, it can be deduced that there are definitely some benefits that are more useful than Photoshop.

Let's look at the matter simply. Photographers take lots of pictures. So they have to work with hundreds of pictures. Photoshop does not allow the use of more images. One has to work with pictures one by one. This facility is available in the lightroom.

Photographers need to fix the light of the picture. Somewhere to reduce, somewhere to increase. They certainly don't need to work with many layers, or need to be painted. So from there, Lightroom is simpler software than Photoshop.

Photoshop itself is a very powerful software. On top of that, there are numerous plugins. There are plugins for all types of work from image noise elimination to special effects. Most of these plugins can also be used in Lightroom. Then what is the need for Photoshop?

And best of all, Photoshop costs a lot more than lightroom. So the lightroom is the choice of photographers.

Lightroom software is a little different from conventional software. In Photoshop you open an image, change it, then save. If necessary, save the previous one and save it under a different name. Lightroom is designed to work with a large number of images, and it is assumed that you will work with the original images intact. So before you open any image, you have to fix some things. Such as where your original images will be, where the changed images will be. There will never be a possibility of damage to your original image. You can open the image from the camera's memory card or after copying it to the hard disk. Or you can add metadata there when you open it.

Lightroom interface

When you open the lightroom, you will see such an interface. The interface is relatively simple, yet there are several important parts to note.

The name of the software must be written on the left. On the right side of the Library, Develop, Slideshow, Print, web text module picker. As the name suggests, their functions are file management, image editing, slide show viewing, printing, and use on the Internet.

The picture you will be working on can be seen in the middle. One image can be enlarged, or many image previews can be viewed. How to see can be selected from the bottom of the picture. Image zoom can be controlled using the slider on the right side.

There are two panels on either side of the main screen. These vary depending on the module selected. For example, if you select Library, you will find folder, catalogue, etc. options on the left and histogram, quick develop, metadata etc. options on the right And if you select Develop, you will find preset, snapshot etc. options on the left, and various change options on the right. It can be opened by clicking on the name of any option or by clicking on the triangular icon next to it.

At the very bottom is the filmstrip. A preview of the imported images can be seen here. Clicking on any of them will get it as an active image in the middle window. Thumbnails can be enlarged or resized using Filmstrip window dividers.

Imported

When you turn on the lightroom for the first time, you will not get any image. You need to import them to use the images. Here are some things to keep in mind.

Lightroom can import almost all types of bitmap images, all types of RAW, CMYK and video formats to the new version (3.0).

-Select the module to import. Then click the Import button at the bottom of the left panel (or enter the command from the menu). Drive / attached memory card etc. can be seen as a source in the left panel.

-Select drive. Select the folder that contains the images. A preview of the inner images can be seen. You can use the images in the subfolder by clicking the option or you can use a specific folder by turning it off

- A tick mark will appear on each image when viewed in the preview window. Uncheck an image to remove it from important work. If necessary, you can enlarge the image using a loop view instead of a grid view.

- There are 4 options on the preview window for how to import. The Copy to DNG option will first copy each file to another folder and convert them to DNG. Selecting Copy will copy them all to a new folder, selecting Move will move all images to another location (such as from memory card to hard disk) and selecting Add will directly import the folder without making any changes.

-Check the right panel once. There are 4 options in the Render Preview section. Basically, change this option to fix the value of the preview. Using good quality will require more time.

-Don’t Import Suspected Duplicates if selected will eliminate the possibility of importing the same image twice.

- When everything is fixed, click the Import button at the bottom right. The selected images will be imported.

Basic editing

- Go to the module to edit any image after import.

-Select it from the filmstrip below.

-Open the Basic tab from the right panel. Here you can find sliders to change everything like Temperature, Color, Exposure, Recovery, Fill Light, Blacks, Brightness, Contrast, Clarity etc. Anything can be previewed as it changes.

- Tone Curve, HSL, Effect, etc. can be changed by opening the tab. You must know what to do here.

Export

Use the File - Export command from the menu to get the final image after making the necessary changes to the image. The format, size, etc. of the output image can be specified along with the name of the folder in the Export menu.

9 guidelines for digital photography

Ultimate Guidelines for Digital Photography

Like to buy pictures! Family festivals, birthdays, college or varsity reunions or any cultural event, friends or relatives weddings or picnics or study tours or family holidays, the joy of breaking the dam and countless invaluable memories we all want to try and do our best. But in many cases the pictures we take may not be as good as expected. We don't like to see our own clicked pictures! It is the fault of our camera! 

We can easily improve our photo quality by following some guidelines in digital photography. These guidelines or tips are for everyone, but for beginners, amateurs or hobbyists or tourists, the guidelines are more useful.

01. Know the camera

First of all, you need to know your camera well. DSLR, Bridge or Point & Shoot / PNS cameras - each with specific capabilities and specific features. The idea that only good pictures can be taken with DSLR is not correct at all. You can also take great pictures with a bridge or PNS. If you have a good idea about the essential functions and modes of the camera, it becomes very easy to take pictures. For this, you have to read the camera manual well. Currently, almost all models of camera unboxing, reviews or camera tutorials are available on YouTube. These videos help the camera the most.

02. Select Mode

Starting from high end DSLR, even the most basic PNS camera has mode dial. There are 3 options in DSLR Gula and there are 3 options which are all DSLR, Manuel, Aperture Priority, Shutter Speed ​​Priority. Their symbols may vary depending on the camera brand. In addition, almost all digital cameras have auto, creative auto, night mode, portrait, landscape, macro, sports, etc. modes in the mode dial. In auto the camera itself fixes everything (aperture, shutter speed, ISO etc.). It is better to use portrait mode to take a portrait of someone. Macro is the name given to a very small thing. This mode is given to the camera for taking pictures of very small subjects. Bridge cameras also now have the facility of manual control. Gradually, if you practice taking pictures in each mode, the skill of which mode to use comes very quickly.

03. Do not shake the camera

We often shake the camera intentionally or unintentionally which also affects the pictures we take. In most cases the picture is blurred. Usually when taking photos on a domestic event or tour, photo blur actually causes us to get upset. If I go to visit the Taj Mahal and take pictures of the Taj Mahal and see the Taj Mahal blurred, then the whole tour is in vain !! So the lower the camera shaking, the better the image quality. At present almost all bridges and PNS cameras have anti-shaking options. And in the case of DSLR, it depends on the lens. But shaking also depends on the camera holding.

04. The Rule of Third

Rule of Third is a basic compositional rule of photography. After taking a picture, if it is divided into three parts along the horizontal and vertical lines, the picture is much more beautiful if the subject or the main subject of the picture intersects where the horizontal and vertical lines intersect. This is the rule of the third. However, this rule is not always to be obeyed, but usually a single subject photo or portrait is taken in this rule to get a good picture. Grid view can be turned on from the camera display menu to understand and practice the Rule of Third.

05. Angle and framing

In most cases, it is boring to take photos in the same frame all the time for the same subject. In that case, it is better to look at the photos if you bring variety in framing. Photos can be taken in tilted framing when taking portraits or in case of single subject photos. In many cases, low-angle photography brings variety. When taking a photo again, setting the subject in a diagonal frame adds a different dimension.

06. Point of interest

“Point of interest” and “Center of interest” are the same thing. Center of interest is the center of interest of a photo. However, this does not mean that the center of interest is only in the center of the image. This is a little clearer by the "point of interest". A photo can have multiple subjects. So while taking pictures we have to specify the subject and it can be expressed through “Point of interest”. For example, more than one person is in a photo, but the person who is looking directly at the camera is the point of interest. Again no ceremony, such as a wedding at home with many people in the group photo but the center of interest but the bride and groom. However, there is no need to have a center of interest or point of interest in the photo.

07. Use of ISO

ISO indicates the sensitivity of the camera sensor. The higher the ISO, the brighter the image and the grain or noise in the image. However, at indoor events, in low-light or at night, ISO can be increased or decreased without flash. By increasing the ISO, many people create a grainy effect in the image, which gives the image a different variety. However, in excess light or during the day (when the sunlight is sufficient) the excess ISO exposes the image. Currently almost all cameras can be ISO controlled. PNSs can range from ISO 200 to 1600. DSLRs have much higher ISO. Cameras can range from ISO 50 to 12800 or higher. Outdoors during the day - ISO 100, 200 or 400 is usually used in the door. It is better to keep ISO auto in PNS camera.

08. Auto focusing

Almost all cameras have auto focusing. DSLRs are there, and focusing on PNS cameras is usually automatic. When taking pictures, try to focus properly. It is best to focus on the subject's eyes when taking portraits or taking group photos. Many times soft focusing or light out of focus gives the image a dramatic sense.

09. Continuous shooting

Almost all cameras have Continuous Shooting or Continuous Firing mode. Select this mode and take many photos at once if you hold the shutter or pull. Usually an action sequence, quite useful to take a photo of something that is happening in the mind. For example - we can get good pictures by using this mode to take photos of our favorite guitarist in a concert and this continuous shooting works very well for taking photos of young children.

There are no set rules for taking pictures. In many cases, you can get a lot of great photos by breaking the rules. So, open your mind, take the camera in hand and click.

What Is Image Sensor in Digital Camera?

What is Image Sensors and How They Works?

An image sensor is a solid-state device, the part of the camera's hardware that captures light and converts what you see through a viewfinder or LCD monitor into an image. Think of the sensor as the electronic equivalent of film.

When using a film camera you can insert any kind of film you want. It’s the film you choose that gives photographs distinctive colors, tones, and grain. If you think one film gives images that are too blue or red, you can change to another film. With digital cameras, the “film” is permanently part of the camera so buying a digital camera is in part like selecting a film to use. Like film, different image sensors render colors differently, have different amounts of “grain,” different sensitivities to light, and so on. The only ways to evaluate these aspects are to examine some sample photographs from the camera or read reviews written by people you trust.

Initially, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) were the only image sensors used in digital cameras. They had already been well developed through their use in astronomical telescopes, scanners, and video camcorders. However, there is now a well-established alternative, the CMOS image sensor. Both CCD and CMOS image sensors capture light using a grid of small photosites on their surfaces. It’s how they process the image and how they are manufactured where they differ from one another. 

CCD image sensors. 

A charge-coupled device (CCD) gets its name from the way the charges on its pixels are read after an exposure. The charges on the first row are transferred to a place on the sensor called the read out register. From there, they are fed to an amplifier and then on to an analog-to-digital converter. Once a row has been read, its charges in the readout register row are deleted, the next row enters, and all of the rows above march down one row. With each row “coupled” to the row above in this way, each row of pixels is read—one row at a time. 

CMOS image sensors. 

Image sensors are manufactured in factories called wafer foundries or fabs where the tiny circuits and devices are etched onto silicon chips. The biggest problem with CCDs is that they are created in foundries using specialized and expensive processes that can only be used to make other CCDs. 

Meanwhile, larger foundries use a different process called Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) to make millions of chips for computer processors and memory. CMOS is by far the most common and highest yielding chip-making process in the world. 

Using this same process and the same equipment to manufacturer CMOS image sensors cuts costs dramatically because the fixed costs of the plant are spread over a much larger number of devices. 

As a result of these economies of scale, the cost of fabricating a CMOS wafer is significantly less than the cost of fabricating a similar wafer using the specialized CCD process. Costs are lowered even farther because CMOS image sensors can have processing circuits created on the same chip. With CCDs, these processing circuits must be on separate chips.

What is differences between CCD and CMOS sensors?

• CCD sensors, as mentioned above, create high-quality, low-noise images. CMOS sensors, traditionally, are more susceptible to noise.
• Because each pixel on a CMOS sensor has several transistors located next to it, the light sensitivity of a CMOS chip tends to be lower. Many of the photons hitting the chip hit the transistors instead of the photodiode.
• CMOS traditionally consumes little power. Implementing a sensor in CMOS yields a low-power sensor.
• CCDs use a process that consumes lots of power. CCDs consume as much as 100 times more power than an equivalent CMOS sensor.
• CMOS chips can be fabricated on just about any standard silicon production line, so they tend to be extremely inexpensive compared to CCD sensors.
• CCD sensors have been mass produced for a longer period of time, so they are more mature. They tend to have higher quality and more pixels.

Image Sensors—Sensitivity and Noise 

In some situations images are not as clear as they otherwise are. They appear grainy with randomly scattered colored pixels that break up smooth areas. This is what’s known as noise. It has three basic causes: 

• Small photosites on the sensor. There is nothing you can do about this cause, but it also makes the following causes even more severe. 

• A long shutter speed that lets light into the camera for a long time, usually in a dim or dark setting, gives noise a chance to build up. 

• A high ISO setting let’s you use a faster shutter speed to avoid blur but also amplifies the noise along with the signal. Many cameras have one or more noise reduction modes that reduce the effects of this noise.

Despite their differences, both types of sensors are capable of giving very good results and both types are used by major camera companies. Canon and Nikon both use CMOS sensors in their high-end digital SLRs as do many other camera companies.